The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an "infodemic"—an overwhelming flood of information, including misinformation and disinformation, that complicated public health responses and impacted societal behaviours. In South Africa, the infodemic reflected unique social, cultural, and economic contexts, exacerbating challenges in managing both the disease and the information surrounding it.

Key Characteristics of the COVID-19 Infodemic in South Africa

1. Misinformation Spread

   • Social media platforms were rife with false claims about COVID-19's origin, prevention, and treatment. Popular misinformation included conspiracy theories about 5G networks, claims that hot drinks or traditional remedies could cure the virus, and unfounded fears about vaccines causing infertility.

   • WhatsApp played a significant role in spreading unverified information, given its popularity as a communication tool in South Africa.

2. Distrust in Institutions

   • A legacy of inequality, corruption, and historical distrust in government and health systems heightened public scepticism about official COVID-19 messages.

   • Vaccine hesitancy was fuelled by mistrust of pharmaceutical companies and foreign aid programmes, with narratives linking vaccines to broader conspiracy theories.

3. Cultural Contexts and Traditional Beliefs

   • Some communities leaned on traditional medicine and cultural practices for prevention and treatment, leading to resistance against biomedical approaches.

   • Religious leaders and cultural influencers sometimes propagated misinformation, further complicating public health messaging.

4. Economic Pressures

   • Widespread unemployment and poverty created conditions for misinformation to thrive. Economic hardships led some to believe in quick fixes or cures, such as "miracle" herbal treatments.

   • Scam products and fake treatments were marketed to vulnerable populations, exploiting fears and economic insecurities.

5. Language and Access Barriers

   • South Africa's linguistic diversity posed challenges for disseminating accurate and timely information. Misinterpretation of official messages was common, especially when information wasn't tailored to local languages and contexts.

   • Limited access to reliable digital resources in rural areas left many reliant on word-of-mouth or less reliable information sources.

Impacts of the Infodemic

1. Public Health

   • Misinformation about prevention and treatment delayed testing, vaccination uptake, and adherence to public health guidelines.

   • Myths, such as COVID-19 only affecting older populations, led to complacency among younger people.

2. Vaccine Hesitancy

   • Although South Africa secured vaccines, misinformation significantly slowed vaccination campaigns. Rumours about severe side effects and distrust in vaccine trials contributed to low initial uptake.

3. Social Polarisation

   • The infodemic amplified divisions between groups that supported and opposed government measures, such as lockdowns and vaccine mandates.

4. Economic Exploitation

   • The spread of misinformation about fake cures and products led to financial exploitation of already struggling communities.

Responses to the Infodemic

1. Government and Health Institutions

   • The South African government launched public health campaigns to counter misinformation, including televised addresses and collaborations with trusted figures like health professionals and community leaders.

   • Partnerships with telecommunications companies enabled the distribution of free, accurate information via SMS and WhatsApp.

2. Fact-Checking Initiatives

   • Organisations like Africa Check actively debunked COVID-19 misinformation and disseminated factual information in multiple languages.

3. Community Engagement

   • Grassroots organisations and local leaders were mobilised to deliver health education tailored to specific communities, addressing cultural and linguistic barriers.

4. Media Interventions

   • Efforts were made to promote accurate reporting by training journalists and ensuring that reliable COVID-19 information was accessible through mainstream media outlets.

Lessons Learned

1. Tailored Communication

   • Addressing language and cultural contexts is critical to ensuring that public health messages are understood and trusted.

2. Building Trust

   • Strengthening trust in institutions is essential for combating misinformation in future crises.

3. Leveraging Local Networks

   • Engaging community leaders and influencers can help counter misinformation effectively.

4. Digital Literacy

   • Enhancing digital literacy can empower individuals to critically assess the information they encounter online.

The COVID-19 infodemic in South Africa underscored the need for a coordinated, culturally sensitive approach to managing information during health crises. It highlighted how misinformation can amplify vulnerabilities but also demonstrated the power of community-based interventions in fostering trust and promoting accurate information.

In South Africa, the 2024 National Election took place amid a contentious and highly polarised national debate surrounding the proposed introduction of National Health Insurance (NHI). The NHI, a government initiative aimed at providing universal healthcare coverage to all South Africans, has been a key political issue, but it also sparked an "infodemic" characterised by the rapid spread of misinformation and disinformation, particularly in relation to its potential implementation and impact. This infodemic influenced public opinion, voting behaviour, and political discourse during the election.

Key Features of the NHI Infodemic

1. Misinformation About NHI’s Impact

   • Much of the misinformation surrounding NHI in the lead-up to the election focused on exaggerated or false claims about the system’s financial sustainability and the quality of care it would provide.

   • False narratives suggested that the NHI would lead to mass unemployment in the healthcare sector, with healthcare professionals fearing the collapse of private healthcare services and the nationalisation of healthcare resources.

   • Some misinformation also propagated fears that NHI would negatively impact the quality of care for higher-income individuals, making healthcare services “worse” for those who were previously accessing quality private care.

2. Political and Ideological Polarisation

   • The NHI debate became highly politicised, with various political parties either supporting or vehemently opposing the policy.

   • Opposition parties, including the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), used the NHI issue as a key point of contention in their campaigns, casting doubts on its feasibility and warning against potential inefficiencies and government overreach.

   • On the other hand, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and some other supporters of NHI framed it as an essential move towards achieving equity and social justice in the healthcare system. The political divide between the two sides deepened the infodemic, with each camp using social media, traditional media, and public speeches to promote contrasting narratives.

3. Misinformation Spread via Social Media

   • Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp were inundated with debates, memes, and videos that either endorsed or rejected NHI, with many spreading unfounded claims and sensationalised content.

   • While some of these posts were created by political parties, others were driven by individuals and influencers with personal or ideological agendas. Fake accounts and bots were often used to amplify certain messages, reaching large audiences.

   • The use of social media also meant that misinformation about NHI was not confined to urban areas but spread rapidly across the country, including rural communities that may have been more susceptible to misleading narratives due to limited access to reliable information.

4. Fear and Uncertainty Among the Public

   • The infodemic created an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty among South Africans, particularly regarding how NHI would affect their access to healthcare.

   • There were concerns that the healthcare system would become overwhelmed, resulting in poor quality services for everyone, especially in the context of existing challenges in South Africa’s public health sector, such as underfunding, staff shortages, and poor infrastructure.

   • There was also significant fear of the financial implications of NHI, with misinformation suggesting that it would lead to increased taxes and burdens on the working class without guaranteeing improvements in healthcare services.

Impact on the 2024 Election

1. Polarised Voter Sentiment

   • Voters were heavily influenced by the NHI infodemic, with those supporting the ANC perceiving NHI as a path to greater equity, while those opposed believed it would worsen the healthcare system and undermine the economy.

   • Political campaigns used the NHI debate to galvanise support from their respective bases, while also attempting to sway undecided voters by presenting competing visions for the future of healthcare in South Africa.

   • Misinformation about NHI’s consequences made it difficult for many voters to make informed decisions about the policy’s viability, impacting their overall confidence in government institutions and political parties.

2. Vaccine Hesitancy and Public Health Skepticism

   • The infodemic surrounding NHI had a broader context that intersected with vaccine hesitancy and mistrust of government-led health interventions, a problem that had already been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic.

   • Some segments of the population, already skeptical of public health policies due to the infodemic on COVID-19, viewed NHI as another attempt by the government to impose unwanted policies on the public. The same networks that spread misinformation about vaccines were also platforms for amplifying anti-NHI narratives.

3. Media Role and Fact-Checking

   • South Africa’s media played a crucial role in both combating and contributing to the NHI infodemic. While many media outlets worked to provide balanced coverage and fact-check claims, sensationalist stories or unverified reports sometimes fuelled confusion.

   • Fact-checking organisations such as Africa Check and the South African Media Foundation played key roles in debunking common NHI myths, but their efforts were often overwhelmed by the sheer volume of misinformation on social media platforms.

4. Policy Shifts and Election Outcome

   • The outcome of the 2024 election was partly shaped by the NHI infodemic, with some parties gaining votes by positioning themselves as advocates for better healthcare policies without the perceived risks associated with NHI.

   • Although the ANC’s support for NHI remained strong among some voters, the uncertainty surrounding the policy’s execution and its impact on the economy led to a surge in support for opposition parties, who capitalised on concerns about NHI’s feasibility.

   • The election highlighted the challenges of policy communication and public trust in government-driven healthcare reforms, particularly in a country where economic inequality and healthcare disparities are already deeply entrenched.

Responses to the NHI Infodemic During the Election

1. Government and Health Messaging

   • The South African government ramped up efforts to clarify the NHI policy through official channels, including press releases and media campaigns that aimed to explain how the system would work and address the concerns raised by misinformation.

   • Public health experts and government spokespeople worked to dispel myths and emphasise the long-term benefits of NHI, but their messages often struggled to compete with the louder, more emotional narratives circulating on social media.

2. Fact-Checking and Public Education

   • Fact-checking initiatives and educational campaigns were launched to combat misinformation. These included collaboration with journalists, health professionals, and trusted community leaders to spread factual information and provide clarity about the NHI proposal.

Conclusion

The NHI infodemic during the 2024 South African National Election demonstrated the power of misinformation in shaping public opinion and political outcomes. Just as with other public health issues, the spread of false information about NHI had significant implications for the election, making it difficult for many South Africans to form a clear and informed view on the policy. In the context of this infodemic, combating misinformation and improving public trust in healthcare policies became critical in ensuring the success of initiatives like NHI, which are vital for addressing the deep-seated health inequities in the country.

"Finfluencing" is a term used to describe the act of individuals or influencers offering financial advice, tips, or strategies via social media platforms, often targeting a wide audience. These influencers may not always be certified financial advisors or professionals but use platforms like Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and Twitter to share insights on investing, saving, or managing money. Finfluencers often create engaging content aimed at educating or motivating their followers to take certain financial actions, such as investing in stocks, cryptocurrencies, or personal finance strategies.

The growing popularity of finfluencing can be attributed to the accessibility of social media, which allows anyone with a large following to potentially influence financial behaviours, particularly among younger audiences who may not yet have access to traditional financial advisory services. However, this phenomenon also raises concerns about the quality and accuracy of the advice being shared, with the risk of misinformation or potentially harmful financial practices being promoted without proper disclosure or regulation.

Key Aspects of Finfluencing:

1. Wide Reach: Finfluencers can reach millions of people with a single post, making them powerful in shaping opinions on financial topics.

2. Engaging Content: Many finfluencers use short, catchy videos, stories, or posts that simplify complex financial topics, making them more relatable and digestible for a general audience.

3. Trust and Authority: Successful finfluencers often build strong relationships with their followers, establishing a sense of trust, even if they lack formal qualifications in financial advice.

4. Risks: While some influencers offer sound advice, the lack of regulation and oversight means that misleading or risky financial advice can spread quickly.

Prof. Liezel Alsemgeest and Her Work on Finfluencing

Prof. Liezel Alsemgeest is an academic researcher who has examined the emerging phenomenon of finfluencing and its impact on financial literacy, consumer behaviour, and the broader financial landscape. She focuses on understanding the role of digital influencers in shaping financial practices and the challenges associated with the credibility of advice given through social media platforms.

Her work has explored several critical aspects of finfluencing, such as:

1. Financial Literacy and Education:
   Prof. Alsemgeest investigates how finfluencers contribute to financial education by making complex topics more accessible. She evaluates the effectiveness of these influencers in enhancing financial literacy, particularly among younger people who may not have access to formal financial education. Her research often looks at whether finfluencers promote positive financial behaviours or inadvertently lead followers to make poor financial decisions.

2. Regulation and Accountability:
   Given the rise of finfluencing, Prof. Alsemgeest has also examined the need for regulation in the space. While traditional financial advisors are bound by strict regulations and ethical standards, finfluencers are often not held to the same accountability. She advocates for clear guidelines and regulations that ensure influencers provide responsible and evidence-based financial advice to avoid harmful consequences for their audiences.

3. Psychology of Financial Decision-Making:
   Alsemgeest’s research delves into the psychology behind why people are so influenced by finfluencers. She looks at how trust, emotional appeal, and the desire for quick financial gains can drive people to follow advice without fully understanding the risks involved. Her studies often highlight the importance of critical thinking and the role of financial education in helping people make informed decisions.

4. Social Media and Consumer Behaviour:
   Prof. Alsemgeest explores how social media platforms serve as a space for financial advice dissemination, comparing the impacts of different platforms on consumer behaviour. She looks at how finfluencers utilise these platforms to shape financial attitudes, behaviours, and trends, particularly in areas like investing in stocks, real estate, or even digital currencies.

Implications of Alsemgeest’s Work on Finfluencing

1. Increased Need for Financial Regulation:
   Alsemgeest’s work underscores the growing need for regulatory frameworks to govern finfluencing and ensure that consumers receive sound financial advice. Given the potential risks involved, particularly with high-stakes investments, clear guidelines for influencers and platforms are necessary.

2. Enhanced Financial Literacy:
   Her research also highlights the potential for finfluencers to serve as a bridge for financial education, particularly for young audiences who may be underserved by traditional financial advisory services. This can help foster a more financially literate society that can make better decisions about savings, investments, and budgeting.

3. Critical Thinking and Media Literacy:
   One of the key takeaways from Prof. Alsemgeest’s work is the importance of media literacy. As consumers increasingly turn to social media for financial advice, the ability to critically assess the information they receive becomes more important. She advocates for educational initiatives that help people discern credible advice from potentially dangerous misinformation.

Conclusion

Finfluencing represents a new frontier in financial communication, where social media influencers have the power to shape financial decisions at a large scale. Prof. Liezel Alsemgeest’s work offers critical insights into the dynamics of this phenomenon, highlighting both its potential benefits in promoting financial education and its risks due to a lack of regulation and accountability. Her research calls for a balanced approach that includes proper regulation, consumer education, and the development of critical thinking skills to navigate the complexities of financial advice in the digital

Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a viral disease that primarily affects animals but can also be transmitted to humans. In 2022, a surge in human cases of Mpox occurred in multiple countries, including Sub-Saharan Africa, prompting concerns over public health. An "infodemic" emerged alongside the outbreak, marked by the rapid spread of both accurate and inaccurate information. In the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Mpox infodemic had significant consequences, as misinformation compounded the challenges of controlling the disease, affecting both public health responses and social behaviour.

Key Characteristics of the Mpox Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Misinformation and Stigma

   • A major issue during the Mpox outbreak in Sub-Saharan Africa was the spread of misinformation regarding the causes, transmission, and prevention of the virus. Rumours about how the virus spread—such as unverified claims that it was related to the COVID-19 vaccine or that it could be transmitted only through sexual contact—confused the public and created fear and stigma.

   • This misinformation led to stigmatization of certain populations, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM), as the media and public discourse often linked Mpox cases to specific social groups, even though the virus can spread in different ways.

2. Social Media Amplification

   • Social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter became key channels for the dissemination of both accurate and inaccurate information. The fast spread of misinformation was particularly noticeable in countries where social media use had skyrocketed, such as Nigeria and South Africa. In these countries, false claims about Mpox remedies, vaccine effectiveness, or conspiracy theories regarding the origins of the virus gained traction, further complicating public health efforts.

   • The infodemic also led to the spread of sensationalized stories that overshadowed the actual medical advice provided by health authorities. This created confusion, particularly in rural and low-resourced areas with limited access to accurate health information.

3. Fear and Confusion

   • Misinformation about Mpox’s symptoms and transmission routes fueled unnecessary fear. People in Sub-Saharan Africa were unsure whether the outbreak was just another form of COVID-19 or a completely new threat, leading to confusion about whether they needed to take preventive measures, get vaccinated, or self-isolate.

   • Local myths and traditional beliefs also played a role in the confusion. In some areas, traditional healers were promoted as the first line of defense against Mpox, leading people to rely on unproven remedies instead of seeking medical treatment.

4. Vaccine Hesitancy and Access Issues

   • As Mpox cases spread globally, vaccines were introduced as a preventive measure in some countries, but misinformation regarding the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine led to vaccine hesitancy. Misinformation claiming the vaccine caused adverse effects, or was ineffective in preventing the disease, discouraged people from getting vaccinated.

   • Limited access to vaccines in many Sub-Saharan African countries further complicated the issue, as misinformation about the vaccine's availability and distribution channels led to confusion and delays in vaccination campaigns. In some places, the infodemic exacerbated distrust in government initiatives and healthcare systems.

Impact of the Mpox Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Public Health Response Challenges

   • The spread of false information made it harder for health authorities to gain the public's trust and deliver effective health messages. Misinformation, combined with social stigma, led to a lack of cooperation in some communities, making it more difficult to trace contacts, educate the public about prevention, and provide timely interventions.

   • Public health campaigns aimed at explaining the virus's transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods were often drowned out by sensational stories and unverified claims on social media. This contributed to a delay in public response and hindered the containment of the virus.

2. Stigma and Discrimination

   • The infodemic reinforced stigma, particularly towards certain vulnerable populations such as MSM, where false narratives about the virus being linked to specific sexual behaviours were widespread. This led to the further marginalisation of these groups and reluctance in seeking care due to fear of discrimination.

   • The stigma surrounding the disease also meant that individuals with Mpox were less likely to come forward for testing or treatment, fearing judgement or rejection by their communities.

3. Increased Vulnerability in Rural and Low-Income Areas

   • Many rural and underserved areas in Sub-Saharan Africa were disproportionately affected by the Mpox infodemic. These areas often have limited access to formal health education and rely on word-of-mouth or local media for health information. The spread of misinformation in these communities delayed protective measures, such as vaccination or seeking healthcare, putting individuals at greater risk of contracting or spreading the virus.

4. Complicating Healthcare Delivery

   • The infodemic complicated efforts to build trust in healthcare systems. As health workers faced the challenge of addressing both the virus and the information chaos, the misdirection created by social media and misinformation led to increased difficulties in delivering accurate healthcare guidance.

   • Healthcare workers had to combat misinformation while also dealing with the physical demands of treating patients, leading to burnout and stretched resources in already underfunded healthcare systems.

Responses to the Mpox Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Public Health Campaigns and Education

   • Health authorities in Sub-Saharan Africa, in collaboration with international organisations like the World Health Organization (WHO), launched public education campaigns to counter misinformation. These efforts involved the dissemination of accurate information through trusted channels, including community leaders, healthcare workers, and local media.

   • Fact-checking organisations also played a crucial role in debunking myths and offering evidence-based information regarding Mpox transmission and prevention.

2. Collaboration with Social Media Platforms

   • Recognising the power of social media in amplifying misinformation, governments and public health authorities worked with platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook to control the spread of harmful content. This included flagging false claims and promoting verified information through social media tools.

   • WhatsApp, for example, introduced features to help users detect forwarded messages that had been flagged as potentially misleading.

3. Community Engagement and Trust-Building

   • Local health authorities emphasised community engagement to build trust and ensure that health messages resonated with the population. In many areas, community leaders, including religious leaders, played a critical role in dispelling myths about Mpox and encouraging cooperation with health campaigns.

   • Additionally, health workers focused on addressing concerns about stigma and helping people feel safe seeking treatment without fear of discrimination.

Conclusion

The Mpox infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa highlights the challenges posed by the rapid spread of both misinformation and legitimate health information during outbreaks. Misinformation, particularly related to transmission, prevention, and vaccination, created confusion, fear, and stigma, complicating the response to the disease. It also deepened the divide between official health messaging and the community's willingness to engage with it. Counteracting the infodemic required a coordinated effort from governments, health organisations, local communities, and social media platforms to provide accurate, accessible, and culturally appropriate information. The lessons learned from the Mpox infodemic will be crucial for future public health crises in the region.

AI in education, often referred to as AI4ED, is heralded as a transformative solution to many of the challenges faced by education systems around the world, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. The promise of AI in education includes personalised learning, improved accessibility, and more efficient educational management. However, as with many technological innovations, the rise of AI4ED has been accompanied by an “infodemic” in Sub-Saharan Africa, where hype, misconceptions, and a lack of clarity about the implementation of AI in educational settings have led to confusion and, at times, unrealistic expectations.

Key Characteristics of the AI4ED Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Overhyped Promises and Unrealistic Expectations

   • Much of the discourse around AI in education presents it as a one-size-fits-all solution capable of solving a wide range of deep-rooted problems, such as improving learning outcomes, bridging gaps in access to education, and addressing teacher shortages.

   • This overhype has led to unrealistic expectations, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where many countries face structural challenges in their educational systems, including inadequate infrastructure, low digital literacy, and a lack of trained educators in the technology. The promise that AI could revolutionise education quickly, without addressing these fundamental issues, has been an important component of the infodemic.

2. Digital Divide and Lack of Access to Technology

   • One of the most significant barriers to the successful implementation of AI4ED in Sub-Saharan Africa is the digital divide. Many rural and impoverished areas of the region suffer from limited access to basic digital infrastructure, such as reliable electricity, internet access, and computing devices.

   • Despite the widespread promotion of AI-driven educational solutions, these technologies often require internet connectivity and hardware that are simply not available in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, the promise of AI in education remains largely inaccessible to the majority of the population, particularly in remote and underserved communities.

3. Lack of Digital Literacy

   • Digital literacy is another major hurdle in the AI4ED narrative. Many teachers, students, and even policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa lack the necessary digital skills to effectively use AI tools in educational settings.

   • While AI may hold potential for transforming education, its successful implementation requires a workforce that can understand and navigate these technologies. Without widespread digital literacy training for both educators and students, the adoption of AI in classrooms is bound to face significant challenges, making it more difficult for AI to live up to its promised benefits. The infodemic surrounding AI in education, therefore, overlooks the need for foundational skills development before AI can be effectively integrated into the education system.

4. Vagueness Around Implementation and Integration

   • Another contributing factor to the AI4ED infodemic is the vagueness around how AI technologies will be integrated into existing educational frameworks. There is often little clarity on how AI tools will be customised for local contexts, what resources will be required to deploy them, and how they will interact with existing educational practices.

   • In Sub-Saharan Africa, education systems are diverse, with varying curricula, language barriers, and cultural contexts. AI solutions designed in one region may not be effective or appropriate for another region without significant adaptation. However, many AI solutions promoted in the infodemic fail to consider these local nuances, further complicating their successful implementation.

5. Misinformation and Confusion About AI’s Role in Education

   • The lack of clear communication about the role of AI in education has contributed to confusion. On one hand, AI is often portrayed as an essential tool for transforming education, but on the other hand, there is little explanation of how AI works or what specific problems it can solve.

   • In some cases, AI is presented as a panacea for all educational shortcomings, when in reality, AI technologies are only part of a broader solution that requires strong governance, policy frameworks, infrastructure, and teacher training. The infodemic surrounding AI4ED, therefore, leaves many people with an overly simplistic or overly optimistic view of AI’s potential, without addressing the practical challenges that must be overcome for successful integration.

Impacts of the AI4ED Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Increased Pressure on Governments and Educational Institutions

   • The widespread promotion of AI in education has put pressure on governments and educational institutions to adopt AI-driven solutions quickly. In some cases, this has led to the rushed introduction of technology-based education systems without adequate planning, infrastructure, or support systems.

   • The expectation that AI can solve complex educational challenges has led to frustration and disappointment when these technologies fail to deliver results, exacerbating the divide between those who have access to advanced technology and those who do not.

2. Widening Educational Inequality

   • The infodemic around AI4ED has the potential to worsen educational inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. While AI solutions may improve education in urban centres or wealthier regions, their benefits may not extend to rural areas or communities with limited resources.

   • If AI is seen as the “future” of education, but large portions of the population cannot access or benefit from it, this could widen the educational gap, leaving disadvantaged students even further behind. The infodemic’s failure to address these disparities means that while some benefit from technological advancements, others are left excluded.

3. Confusion Among Educators

   • Educators in Sub-Saharan Africa may be overwhelmed by the barrage of information (and misinformation) surrounding AI in education. Teachers may feel pressure to adopt AI tools, but without the training or resources needed to use them effectively, this could lead to frustration and burnout.

   • Moreover, the infodemic has led to confusion about the actual role of AI in education—whether it is meant to complement teachers, replace them, or simply assist in administrative tasks. This lack of clarity makes it difficult for educators to make informed decisions about how to integrate AI into their classrooms.

4. Missed Opportunities for Meaningful Digital Transformation

   • The hype surrounding AI4ED has diverted attention away from the more practical aspects of digital transformation in education, such as the need for digital infrastructure, teacher training, and curriculum development. The focus on high-tech solutions without addressing the foundational issues has led to missed opportunities for more gradual and sustainable improvements in education systems.

Responses to the AI4ED Infodemic

1. Critical Engagement and Public Awareness Campaigns

   • To counter the misinformation and misconceptions about AI in education, some organisations and researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa have initiated campaigns to provide accurate information about the challenges and potential of AI in education. These campaigns aim to educate policymakers, educators, and the public about the limitations and realities of AI4ED.

   • These efforts include raising awareness about the need for infrastructure, digital skills training, and policy development in order to make AI a meaningful tool in education, rather than a quick fix.

2. Inclusive and Contextualised AI Solutions

   • Several initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa are working towards developing AI solutions that are specifically designed for local contexts. These solutions consider factors such as local languages, cultural differences, and the unique challenges of the region.

   • By involving local communities in the development and deployment of AI in education, these efforts seek to ensure that AI solutions are relevant and accessible to all learners, regardless of their geographic or socio-economic background.

3. Focus on Digital Skills Development

   • Alongside AI development, many organisations are focusing on building digital literacy among educators, students, and communities. This includes providing training in basic digital skills as well as more advanced skills needed to interact with AI tools effectively.

   • This focus on skills development aims to ensure that AI can be integrated into the education system in a way that complements human teachers, rather than replacing them, and empowers students to navigate the digital future.

Conclusion

The AI4ED infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa highlights the need for a balanced and realistic approach to the implementation of AI in education. While AI holds the potential to revolutionise learning in the region, it is crucial to address the digital divide, enhance digital literacy, and ensure that AI solutions are adapted to local needs. Clear communication, thoughtful planning, and inclusive policies are essential to overcoming the challenges of the AI4ED infodemic and ensuring that AI can contribute to meaningful, long-term improvements in education.

Breast cancer, particularly familial breast cancer, is a significant non-communicable disease burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the growing prevalence of breast cancer in the region, an infodemic—characterised by a rapid spread of both accurate and inaccurate information—has complicated efforts to address this issue. Misinformation and a lack of understanding about breast cancer, genetic testing, treatment options, and screening have further exacerbated the burden of the disease in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Key Characteristics of the Familial Breast Cancer Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Misinformation Around Genetic Testing and Inheritance

   • Familial breast cancer refers to cases where multiple family members are affected by the disease, often due to inherited genetic mutations, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is a general lack of awareness and understanding about genetic testing and its role in early detection and prevention.

   • There is widespread confusion about the genetic basis of breast cancer, and many people, particularly in rural areas, believe that cancer is purely a matter of bad luck or a result of spiritual or environmental factors. This misunderstanding has led to a reluctance to seek genetic counseling or testing, which could help identify individuals at higher risk for breast cancer and lead to earlier intervention.

2. Stigma and Misconceptions Around Cancer

   • Cancer, in general, is often associated with negative taboos in Sub-Saharan African societies, where many view it as a fatal disease with no hope for survival. Breast cancer, in particular, is shrouded in stigma, partly due to its association with bodily changes, such as breast lumps or disfigurement after surgery.

   • This stigma has contributed to a reluctance to talk openly about breast cancer, resulting in delayed diagnoses and treatment. Women who develop breast cancer may face social ostracism, with some even avoiding diagnosis or treatment due to the fear of being labelled as having a “shameful” illness.

3. Limited Access to Genetic Testing and Screening

   • Although genetic testing can identify those at risk for familial breast cancer, it remains largely inaccessible in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The high cost of genetic tests, the lack of trained healthcare professionals, and the absence of infrastructure to support widespread screening programs have all hindered efforts to integrate genetic testing into routine cancer care.

   • This lack of access to genetic testing means that many women who are at high risk for breast cancer due to family history or inherited mutations remain undiagnosed until later stages of the disease, when treatment options may be less effective.

4. Confusion Around Treatment Options

   • There is also considerable misinformation about the various treatment options available for breast cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Some communities in Sub-Saharan Africa may perceive conventional cancer treatments as ineffective or harmful due to the side effects associated with chemotherapy or the unfamiliarity with such treatments.

   • As a result, some women may turn to alternative or traditional medicine, delaying effective medical interventions. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge about newer treatment options, such as targeted therapies for women with genetic mutations like BRCA, which could significantly improve survival rates.

5. Inconsistent Messaging About Screening and Early Detection

   • Early detection is crucial in improving breast cancer survival rates, and regular screening (such as mammograms or breast self-exams) is an essential part of early intervention. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is an infodemic surrounding the importance of screening and when to start it.

   • While some women may be aware of the need for breast cancer screening, many lack information on how to access these services, or they may be unaware of when and how to start screening. Misinformation about the timing of screenings, particularly among younger women, can result in late diagnoses, reducing the chances of successful treatment.

6. Lack of Awareness of Founder Mutations

   • Founder mutations refer to specific genetic mutations that are more prevalent in certain populations due to shared ancestry. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there are a number of founder mutations related to breast cancer, such as those in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, that are more common in certain ethnic groups.

   • However, there is a lack of awareness about these mutations and their impact on breast cancer risk in the African context. This knowledge gap contributes to delays in genetic testing, early detection, and preventive measures. The infodemic surrounding breast cancer has focused more on general cancer awareness, rather than specific genetic factors that might be unique to the African population.

7. Over-reliance on Misleading or Incomplete Information

   • In many cases, misinformation about breast cancer is spread through social media, community networks, and even informal health discussions. While the internet and social media have enabled greater access to health information, they have also become platforms for the spread of unverified and sometimes harmful advice.

   • Some of this misinformation includes “miracle cures” for breast cancer or incorrect advice about preventing or treating the disease. This is particularly concerning because it can cause people to delay seeking proper medical care and rely on alternative treatments that do not have a proven impact.

Impacts of the Familial Breast Cancer Infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment

   • One of the most significant impacts of the infodemic is delayed diagnosis and treatment. The combination of stigma, lack of awareness, and reliance on misinformation has led many women in Sub-Saharan Africa to delay seeking medical help until breast cancer has progressed to later stages.

   • At this point, treatment becomes more complicated and less effective, which contributes to poorer survival rates in the region compared to countries with more comprehensive screening and treatment programs.

2. Exacerbation of Health Inequities

   • The infodemic has disproportionately affected women in rural and low-income communities, where access to healthcare services, including genetic testing, screening, and treatment options, is limited. Women in these areas are also less likely to have access to reliable health information or educational resources about breast cancer.

   • This exacerbates existing health inequities and increases the burden of disease on communities that are already vulnerable due to economic and infrastructural challenges.

3. Social Stigma and Mental Health Impact

   • The social stigma associated with breast cancer, coupled with misinformation, can result in mental health challenges for those diagnosed with the disease. Women may experience feelings of shame, isolation, and fear of discrimination, which can deter them from seeking care or participating in support networks.

   • This stigma can also extend to families, as relatives may feel embarrassed or fearful of being associated with a cancer diagnosis, which further isolates those affected.

4. Failure to Address Genetic Risk Factors

   • Without proper education and outreach about the genetic components of breast cancer, women who are genetically predisposed due to familial mutations may go undiagnosed until it is too late. In many cases, women who are at higher risk for breast cancer due to family history may not understand the importance of genetic counseling and testing, leading to missed opportunities for prevention or early intervention.

   • Additionally, without recognising the role of founder mutations in the region, there is less emphasis on tailoring prevention strategies to specific populations, limiting the effectiveness of public health initiatives.

Responses to the Familial Breast Cancer Infodemic

1. Public Awareness Campaigns

   • In response to the infodemic, there have been efforts to increase public awareness about breast cancer, its causes, the importance of early detection, and available treatment options. These campaigns are critical in dispelling myths and clarifying facts, particularly in rural and underserved areas where breast cancer awareness is low.

   • These campaigns also aim to educate people about the importance of genetic testing, screening, and the role of inherited mutations in breast cancer risk.

2. Integration of Genetic Testing and Counseling

   • Efforts are underway to improve access to genetic counseling and testing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Several organisations are working to introduce affordable and accessible genetic services, which could allow individuals with a family history of breast cancer to undergo genetic testing and make informed decisions about preventive care.

   • Some healthcare providers are also integrating genetic education into their cancer care programs, helping to raise awareness of familial risk factors among patients and healthcare workers.

3. Community-based Health Education

   • Community health workers, local leaders, and activists are playing an important role in dispelling myths about breast cancer, especially in areas with high levels of misinformation. These community-based approaches are critical in reaching populations that may not have access to formal healthcare systems but trust local health advocates.

   • Additionally, peer support groups and survivor networks are working to reduce the stigma associated with breast cancer, offering emotional support and practical advice to women and families affected by the disease.

Conclusion

The familial breast cancer infodemic in Sub-Saharan Africa has amplified the challenges faced by women at risk for the disease. The combination of misinformation, stigma, lack of access to genetic testing, and delayed diagnoses has exacerbated the burden of breast cancer in the region. However, with increased public awareness, targeted genetic education, and improved healthcare access, there is potential to address these issues and reduce the impact of breast cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. By tackling the infodemic surrounding breast cancer, it is possible to improve early detection, treatment outcomes, and survival rates for women in the region.